United States History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United States History - Essay Example The Spanish conquistadors conquered large empires in the New World. The Spanish colonizers had superior military technology and advanced military tactics that enabled them to form alliances with local tribes and carry out surprising attacks to conquer different areas. The Spanish conquistadors would then partition the conquered areas into encomiendas. The encomienda system converted Indians into slaves. In the sixteenth century, Spain had emerged as the most successful colonizer. Other colonizers such as England and France felt threatened by continued success of Spain in colonization. Spain was the first colonize America and had managed to capitalize on vast regions of America while other rivals such as England and France had not entered America. Spanish colonizers managed to acquire vast natural resources from its colonies and develop the economy in its mother country. Although the Spanish government was operating from Madrid it made use of viceroyalties, royal courts of appeal and audencias to manage its colonies in the new world. Megellan started circumnavigating the globe but natives killed him while he was crossing the Pacific. Spaniards then captured Aztec in 1519. In 1507, Waldseemuler named the newly discovered world as America. The terrain was characterized by harsh conditions. Moreover, few native laborers had been reduced to slaves. They could not satisfy the growing number of Spanish settlers. Therefore, Spanish started importing African slaves. Francisco later invaded and conquered Peru. Later on Jamestown was founded in Virginia for English settlement. In 1680, Pope Rebellion led to end of the encomienda system. 2) Describe the major difficulties that early settlers in Virginia encountered and how these difficulties were overcome. The early settlers in Virginia encountered numerous challenges. One of the challenges was hunger and disea ses, which left several of the settlers dead. Most of the settlers were vulnerable to diseases and most could hardly stand diseases. Although most of the settlers died due to famine, a number died from water poisoning. The river water they were using had slime, which caused salt poisoning, typhoid and dysentery. The poisoned water caused an epidemic that killed most of the colonizers. This resulted in disintegration of the leadership. Moreover, most of the remaining settlers were ill and could hardly work. In the early 1608, there was a fire that destroyed the fort as well as the colonist dwelling and provisions. This left the colonizers without food and they had to depend on Indians. Around 1609 major hunger had affected Virginia, resulted in instances of malnutrition, and made settlers vulnerable to diseases. Moreover, the local Indians retaliated and would and times attack the settler. The settlers overcome the challenges by carrying out faming to obtain food. Additionally, they would use guns to threaten the Indian attackers. Moreover, the settlers built a wall around their houses to prevent themselves from the attacks. The settler’s leaders such kept recruiting new settlers to replace the dead ones, which helped the colony survive. Moreover, the settlers imported slaves from Africa to help in the faming. 3) Define mercantilism and describe the obligations of the colonies under England’s mercantilist policies. Mercantilism was an economic system adopted by England, which was based on the belief the national wealth depended on the contribution of the colonies in supplying resources such as precious metal and purchasing the goods

Microbial Content of cooked meat kebab Lab Report

Microbial Content of cooked meat kebab - Lab Report Example However, because the meat is cooked on one surface only, there is an increased opportunity for pathogen outgrowth and microorganism multiplication (Vazgecer, Ulu and Oztan, 2004). There have been reported cases of food contamination and foodborne disease occurrences circumstantially connected to kebab consumptions which can lead to more complex outcomes (Angelillo, I.F., Viggiani, N.M.A., Rizzo, L. and Bianco, A., 2000. Food handlers and foodborne diseases: knowledge, attitudes, and reported behavior in Italy. Journal of Food Protection 63 3, pp. 381–385. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (35)Angelillo, Viggiani, Rizzo, and Bianco, 2000). Some human ailments may be caused by foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella serotypes, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus (Swaminathan and Feng, 1994). The changing epidemiology of foodborne diseases and the resurfacing of some microorganisms and pathogens are attributable to various conditions, such as everyday habits and routines of consumers, food handling and preparation, food manufacture and distribution, and understanding of food risks (Lacey, 1993; Roberts, 2000; Slutsker, Altekruse, and Swerdlow, 1998). This experiment will determine levels of aerobic microorganisms and identify probable pathogens in two kebab meat samples of chicken and lamb. Moreover, it will verify probabilities on disease transmission and assess kebab’s quality and safety for human consumption. 10 grams of the chicken sample was placed in a sterile stomacher bag with 90ml of buffered peptone water; homogenized with a blender; incubated for 24 hours. 1 ml of chicken sample was then suspended into 9ml of SCB and incubated for another 24 hours at 37 Â °C. 10 grams of the lamb sample was placed in a sterile stomacher bag with 90ml of Ringer solution; homogenized with a blender; diluted with 20uL of sample and 180ul of