Casket Letters Did They Implicate Mary Queen of Scots

Date:   found June 20, 1567, given to English  investigating commission on December 14, 1568 About the Casket Letters: In June, 1567, Mary, Queen of Scots, was captured by Scottish rebels at Carberry Hill. Six days later, as James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, claimed, his servants found a silver casket in the possession of a retainer of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. In the casket were eight letters and some sonnets. The letters were written in French. Contemporaries, and historians since, have disagreed as to their authenticity. One letter (if genuine) seems to back up the charge that Mary and Bothwell together planned the murder of Marys first husband, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, in February of 1567.   (Mary and Darnley were both grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, first Tudor king of England, and sister of Henry VIII. Mary was the daughter of Margarets son James V by her first husband James IV, killed at Flodden. Darnleys mother was Margaret Douglas who was Margarets daughter by her second husband, Archibald Douglas.) Queen Mary and her husband (and first cousin) Lord Darnley were alienated already when he died in suspicious circumstances in Edinburgh on February 10, 1567.   Many people believed that the Earl of Bothwell had arranged for Darnley to be murdered.   When Mary and Bothwell married on May 15, 1567, suspicions of her complicity became stronger. A group of Scottish lords, led by Marys half-brother who was the Earl of Moray, rebelled against Marys rule.   She was captured on June 17, and forced to abdicate on July 24. The letters were supposedly discovered in June, and played a part in Marys agreement to abdicate.   In testimony in 1568, Morton told the story of the discovery of the letters. He claimed that a servant of George Dalgleish had confessed under threat of torture that hed been sent by his master, the Earl of Bothwell, to get a casket of letters from Edinburgh Castle, which Bothwell then intended to take out of Scotland.   These letters, Dalgliesh said Bothwell had told him, would reveal the ground of the cause of Darnleys death. But Dalgleish was captured by Morton and others and threatened with torture. He took them to a house in Edinburgh and, under a bed, the enemies of Mary found the silver box.   On it was engraved an F which was assumed to stand for Francis II of France, Marys late first husband. Morton then gave the letters to Moray and swore that he had not tampered with them. Marys son, James VI, was crowned on July 29, and Marys half-brother Moray, a leader of the rebellion, was appointed regent. The letters were presented to a Privy Council in December 1567, and  and a statement to Parliament to confirm the abdication described the letters as making it most certain that she was privy, art, and part in the actual devise of the murder of her lawful husband the King our sovereign lords father. Mary escaped in May 1568 and went to England. Queen Elizabeth I of England, cousin on Queen Mary, who had by then been informed of the content of the casket letters, ordered an investigation into Marys complicity in Darnleys murder. Moray personally brought the letters and showed them to Elizabeths officials. He appeared again in October 1568 at an investigation headed by the Duke of Norfolk, and produced them at Westminister on December 7. By December of 1568,  Mary was a prisoner of her cousin. Elizabeth, who found Mary an inconvenient competitor for the crown of England. Elizabeth appointed a commission to investigate the charges which Mary and the rebel Scottish lords levied against each other.  On December 14, 1568, the casket letters were given to the commissioners.   They had already been translated into the Gaelic used in Scotland, and the commissioners had them translated into English. The investigators compared the handwriting on the letters to the handwriting on letters Mary had sent to Elizabeth.   The English representatives in the inquiry declared the casket letters genuine.   Marys representatives were denied access to the letters. But the inquiry did not explicitly find Mary guilty of murder, leaving her fate open. The casket with its  contents were returned to Morton in Scotland.   Morton was himself executed in 1581. The casket letters disappeared a few years later. Some historians suspect that King James VI of Scotland (James I of England), son of Darnley and Mary, may have been responsible for the disappearance.   Thus, we only know the letters today in their copies. The letters were at the time subject to controversy. Were the casket letters forgeries or authentic? Their appearance was very convenient for the case against Mary. Morton was among the Scottish rebel lords who opposed the rule of Mary. Their case for removing Queen Mary and installing her infant son, James VI of Scotland, as ruler -- with the lords as de facto rulers during his minority -- was strengthened if these letters were genuine. That controversy continues today, and is unlikely to be resolved. In 1901, historian John Hungerford Pollen looked at the controversy.   He compared letters known to be genuinely written by Mary with the copies known of the casket letters. His conclusion was that there was no way to determine whether Mary was the original author of the casket letters. As historians still contend over Marys role in planning Darnleys murder, other more circumstantial evidence is weighed.

Movie Analysis Temple Grandin - 993 Words

As an academy award voter I will be giving my reasons for why either the movie Temple Grandin or Inviticus are worthy of these awards. The first award that I will be voting on is Best Picture. First I want to talk a little about the movie Temple Grandin, this movie is about a woman with autism, and the movie portrays her struggles and accomplishments throughout the film. The movie begins when Temple’s mother Eustacia refused the diagnosis of autism given to her daughter that she is to be put in an institution for others like Temple. Eustacia instead works with her daughter and hires therapists to assist her in attempting a normal life for Temple. The film shows tremendous breakthroughs of learning for Temple for example her getting admitted into college contrary to what the doctors believed about Temple’s abilities. Temple then goes on to effectively change how we handle cows for slaughtering changing the cattle industry and the medical industry for someone at that poin t in time to show to the world that anyone with a disability can be an important part of society while showing the world to be more accepting of people with disabilities. The movie Inviticus is a movie about Nelson Mandela becoming president of South Africa during a time where the country was divided by race, class, and sports. The beginning of the movie it shows a rugby team getting beat and the countrymen talking of removing the rugby team for good. Nelson Mandela realizes that in order for his country toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Temple Grandin 903 Words   |  4 Pagesduring the course of the semester revealing the lives of two important people and their significance of their actions.. The first movie was â€Å"Temple Grandin†, which told a story of a young woman who suffered repeated setbacks from her autism throughout the entirety of her life. Mostly, ridiculed by her peers and even in her male dominated profession, Animal Agriculture. Grandin remain persistent in achieving her goals and eventually overcame her oppositions one by one. Similarly, â€Å"Invictus† follows theRead MoreMovie Analysis : Temple Grandin932 Wor ds   |  4 Pages Temple Grandin is a film that relies heavily on mise en scene to show audiences the amazing way into which those with autism can see the world and perceive and then solve problems they are faced with on a daily basis. The filmmakers cleverly use mise en scene to help communicate the central theme of the film of being different, not less. It gives viewers a way to relate to Temple, to see and understand what her world is like. They are able to spend the length of the film in her shoes and learnRead MoreAnalysis Of Temple Grandin, An Autistic Woman1217 Words   |  5 PagesIn the movie Temple Grandin, an autistic woman, who overcame the limitations imposed on her by her condition earned a PH.D and an expert in the field of animal agriculture. She did not speak until the age of four, she was also sensitive to sound and touch, and had difficulty throughout high school, mostly dealing with people and the social part of life. She is most widely known for creating her â€Å"hug box,† recognized today as a way of relieving stress and anxiety in autistic children. Temple is alsoRead MoreIn Recent Years, The Prevalence Of Autism Spectrum Disorder1357 Words   |  6 Pagesrights movement (Ward 1999). One of the well-known self-advocates for ASD is Temple Grandin. Dr. Grandin stresses the importance of using an individual’s strength instead of focusing on what they can’t do. For example, Grandin designed facilities that half the cattle in the United States are handled in today (2012). Another self-advocate is Owen Suskind. Owen’s story is portrayed in the movie Life, Animated. As shown in the movie, Owen also shares his story in conferences and speeches with people so theyRead More Autism in the Media Essay2151 Words   |  9 PagesCards (1993), and Molly (1999). I here examine these three films, each with an autistic main character, to evaluate the image of autism presented to the public and to discuss how that imag e has changed in the last fifteen years. However, before an analysis of the films, I will briefly overview autism as it is currently diagnosed and treated.    Autism is the label given to a set of behaviors summarized by the International Classification of Disease ICD-10 Handbook as1: 1. ImpairmentRead MoreGump Notes Essay7299 Words   |  30 Pagesfavorites. The dissociation between his apparent IQ and incredible intellectual achievements and his behavioral autistic tendencies are, so far, ignored and his cognitive features are misread as Intellectual Developmental disability. In the movie, Forest Gump, the character played by Tom Hanks fines remarkable inner strength to overcome life’s never ending problems and tragedies. In spite of limited abilities, Forest conquers every obstacles life throws at him and becomes a success.

I Love Quotes Free Essays

Those who understand, teach. Positive mind, Positive thinking , Will make us healthier, Love everyone and everyone will love you. Everyone hears what you said, Friends listen to what you said, Best friends listen to what you don’t said. We will write a custom essay sample on I Love Quotes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none. First they ignore you, then they ridicule you, then they fight you, and then you win. The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends. Sometimes, owing less is better than knowing too much. Don’t overused your heart, save it for someone who owned for it. Speak the truth even if it’s against you, Do good to people even if they harm you and Make relations to those who cut you off. Be sincere and look for the one who is sincere, sincerity in love is perfection. Whatever comes from the heart, reaches the heart. A great attitude becomes a great day which becomes a great month which becomes a great year which becomes a great life. When you come out of the storm you won’t be the same person who walked in. That’s hat this storm’s all about. You teach people how to treat you by what you allow, what you stop, and what you reinforce. No matter how carefully you choose your words, they’ll always end up being twisted by others. Don’t worry about your problems, but don’t ignore it. Solve it. Find the solution. Be true to yourself. Everyone has problems. Some people are Just better at hiding them than others. Kindly take notes. A smile is the lighting system of the face, the cooling system of the head and the heating system of the heart. It’s not about having the skill to do something. It’s about having the will, desire commitment to be your best. Do what makes you happy, nothing else matters. The less you care, the happier you will be. Sometimes, as you grow smarter, your heart grows harder. Open your mouth only if what you are going to say is more beautiful than the silence. Hold on to whatever keeps you happy. Success is getting what you want. Happiness is wanting what you get. It is better to have enough ideas for some of them to be wrong, than to be always right by having no ideas at all. Don’t stress. Do your best. Forget the rest. How to cite I Love Quotes, Papers

Types of Departmentalization Used by Business free essay sample

Every organisation has certain basic parts that are made up of people who perform, supervise, and plan besides those who render support services and technical advice. As such, studying the structure or design of an organisation means analysing how these parts are put together, who reports to whom, the degree of centralisation or decision making power concentrated at the top, the extent of rules, policies, regulations, and procedures in the organisation.The building of the initial structure of an organisation may be based on the conditions prevailing in the society and the industry characteristics prevailing at the time and the personality of the founder (entrepreneur). As the organisations grow in their size from small to large over a period of time, their priorities do change and it becomes necessary for the organisations to make changes in the organisation design in order to ensure that the organisations function efficiently.In any discussion of Organizational Structure, it’ s helpful to become acquainted with a few key terms that describe specific aspects of business organization practices. Very simply, Organizational Structure is the manner in which an organization arranges itself. Once an organization investigates its options and decides upon how it’s going to structure itself, it’s common to draw up an Organizational Chart. An Organizational Chart Some organizations consider their Organizational Charts as confidential, while other organizations most of them, in fact, do not.Some companies go so far as to post their Organizational Charts on their publicly accessible websites. Other key terms include Centralized and Decentralized Decision Making. Centralized decision making refers to a business model in which decisions are directed to the top of the organization. Decentralized decision making is a model in which the organization tends to push the decisions down to the lowest levels, which can be a good thing.With decentralized decision making, the benefit is that the individuals who best know the company’s processes are those lower in the organization, those who roll up their sleeves and work with the processes every day. Theoretically, such individuals are in a better position to respond to external and internal drivers and make rapid decisions to control those drivers before they get out of hand and negatively affect the organization. Decentralized decision making tends to be a trap, as it may dangerously undermine upper management in the organization.Nonetheless, decentralized decision making is increasingly accepted as a viable business model today. Yet another key term is one known as Formalization, the degree to which an organization tends to document its processes, rules, and regulations. Centralized and Decentralized Decision Making and Formalization will vary from one organizational structure to another, depending upon the options for change that are open to a company. Another key term that is familiar in the designing an organization is what we call a Hierarchy of Authority.The concept of Hierarchy of Authority says that an organization must know who is in charge of which elements and who r eports to whom. Of course, this has implications for the division of labour because, under the Hierarchy of Authority, many tasks are divided and distributed across the organization. This process necessarily entails varying degrees of specialization of jobs and tasks, which we see a lot these days as the business environment grows more sophisticated. Regarding Types of Organizational Structures, I will first critically note that an appropriate organizational structure for any given company is a very elusive animal, indeed.Every company tends to organize itself differently, so there is no absolute right and no absolute wrong way to design an organization. Appropriate organizational structure depends upon the unique strategy of the business, its unique customer base, its unique sense of products and services, and its management of these considerations as they are dispersed throughout the enterprise. The most common organizational types may be classified as Functional Structure, Divisional Structure, Matrix Structure. A Few Common Types of Departmentalization Functional departmentalization Grouping activities by functions performed. Activities can be grouped according to function (work being done) to pursue economies of scale by placing employees with shared skills and knowledge into departments for example human resources, IT, accounting, manufacturing, logistics, and engineering. Functional departmentalization can be used in all types of organizations. . Product departmentalization Grouping activities by product line. Tasks can also be grouped according to a specific product or service, thus placing all activities related to the product or the service under one manager. Each major product area in the corporation is under the authority of a senior anager who is specialist in, and is responsible for, everything related to the product line. LA Gear is an example of company that uses product departmentalization. Its structure is based on its varied product lines which include women’s footwear, children’s footwear and men’s’ footwear. Customer departmentalization Grouping activities on the basis of common customers or types of customers. Jobs may be grouped according to the type of customer served by the organization. The assumption is that customers in each department have a common set of problems and needs that can best be met by specialists.The sales activities in an office supply firm can be broken down into three departments that serve retail, wholesale and government accounts. Geographic departmentalization Grouping activities on the basis of territory. If an organization’s customers are geographically dispersed, it can group jobs based on geography. For example, the organization structure of Coca-Cola has reflected the company’s operation in two broad geographic areas, the North region sector and the Central region sector, which includes the Kuala Lumpur, the Selangor, Negeri Sembilan.Process departmentalization Grouping activities on the basis of product or service or customer flow. Because each process requires different skills, process departmentalization allows homogenous activities to be categorized. For example, the applicants might need to go through several departments namely validation, licensing and treasury, before receiving the driver’s license. Functional Structure adopting by Telekom Malaysia Berhad The Functional Structure is by far the most popular organizational structure in the business world.Probably 65% to 75% of companies use the Functional Structure, because it’s basic and it makes sense. The Functional Structure is how most organizations align themselves into various departments for example, Quality Management, Information Technology, Corporate Communication, Finance, Sales and service. Within the Functional Structure, people of similar skill sets are grouped together and managed by somebody who presumably knows a great deal about those skill sets. Advantages and Disadvantages of The Functional Approach First of all, the Functional Structure follows the Centralized DecisionMaking model, such that decision making in the Functional Structure occurs at the top. This can be advantageous in the sense that there is more upper management control in the organization. It can also help individuals in their career paths, inasmuch as motivated employees move upward within the organization to assume decision-making positions. For example, you come in from college, join the Accounting Department as a Junior Accountant, move up to Accountant, and then move up to Senior Accountant, it’s a very well-defined career path.Functional Structures foster stability and efficiency. Everybody knows what his job is, and as a group they all use similar processes, so it’s a very e ffective way of operating. When you’re working with this type of structure, you can also take advantage of economies of scale. Of course, the Functional Structure has its disadvantages, as well. Perhaps the most critical disadvantage is that of poor communication and conflict between departments. A great deal of literature on Functional Structure is focused on the effect of what we call Siloing.Siloing is when an organization has very thick walls, so that the various departments are entirely isolated from one another, and members of those departments don’t think in terms of company-wide teamwork. They only attend the business of their specific department. Communication and collaboration between the departments is difficult, at best, and this is not a good organizational situation. Also, customers can become frustrated by the lack of responsiveness from organizations that are functionally structured.The scenario of customer complaints â€Å"passed off† from one department to another is familiar to most of us. Another disadvantage of the Functional Structure is that employees tend to identify themselves with their respective departments but not so much with the organization as a whole. Although the Functional Structure is the most popular and pervasive in the business world, companies should understand that the siloing effect is potentially detrimental to individual employees, departments, and the organization as a whole. Divisional Structure adopting by Kolej Tunku Abdul RahmanThe Divisional Structure is not so much based on the grouping of people according to their skill sets as it is concerned with placing groups of people with similar abilities where they are needed all across the organization. For instance, while under the Functional Structure you w ould expect to find accountants only in the Accounting Department, under the Divisional Structure you will find accountants in different divisions of the same company, in separate Accounting Departments which are dedicated to separate product lines.As you can see , each state branch has its own Functional Organization with operation, accounts, and marketing teams, permitting each prostate branch to function independently of the other product lines. Yet each product line is a component of a larger organization. Advantages and Disadvantages of The Divisional Structure The advantage of the Divisional Structure lies mainly in the coordination of functions within the separate divisions. Behind any single product group or market group or geographic group is one person who is in charge of all the functions within his division.This improves the ability of a company to respond to customer issues, because there is more accountability. Everyone in a given division reports to a single individual at the top of the division, rather than to a mere supervisor of a department. This arrangement also helps to develop managerial skills and executive skills, because people working in a Divisional Structure are exposed to all of the other functions, unlike the siloing effect seen in a straight Functional Structure.The disadvantage of the Divisional Structure lies in redundant effort and resources due to multiple departments performing essentially t he same tasks across the organization, which spells inefficiency on many levels. Within the Divisional Structure there is also a reduction in specialization and occupational skills, not to mention a high probability of in-house competition between the various divisions of the company. A divisional structure also has weaknesses. A company comprised of competing divisions may allow office politics instead of sound strategic thinking to affect its view on such matters as allocation of company resources.Thus, one division will sometimes act to undermine another. Also, divisions can bring compartmentalization that can lead to incompatibilities. For example, Microsofts business-software division developed the Social Connector in Microsoft Office Outlook 2010. They were unable to integrate Microsoft SharePoint and Windows Live until months after Social Connector could interface with MySpace and LinkedIn. Some experts suggested that Microsofts divisional structure contributed to a situation where its own products were incompatible across internal business units.Divisional Structure adopting by Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Matrix structures are increasingly used in organisations as they become more complex and as the pace of change increases. They are similar to project management arrangements, although matrix structures may be a permanent feature. Matrix structures, like project management, involve the creation and management of multi-disciplinary teams. The team leaders have a dual reporting relationship. For the structures to work effectively they should only be introduced when appropriate and even then after careful planning.An important aspect is the training of multi-disciplinary team leaders. However, it can also be crucial to ensure that those other key members of management who need to monitor and support matrix structures are properly selected and have received appropriate management training. For example, the matrix structure adopting by Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman where the academic registrar has representative from head of school, course coordinator and course leader and its lead by the dean. The academic registrar will be operates similar to project which need involvement from few departments.Advantages and Disadvantages of The Matrix Structure The advantage of the Matrix Structure is that it’s extremely efficient, particularly when resources are scarce. This organizational structure is a very good way to ensure that expensive specialists are kept busy all the time and that they are using their skills on the most critical portions of a project for the good of the organization. It also allows an organization to start projects quickly, because there’ s no need to hire staff from outside.The staff is readily available, and they are already acquainted with the pace, so projects can be launched very quickly. A Functional/ (Weak) Matrix organizational structure, such as our client company had in place, works well when the focus is on quality and technical expertise. Under this structure, functional managers are responsible for products created within their areas of expertise. The downside: In the company on which this case study was based, it just wasnt working. And their experience was not uncommon.The functional- based organization structure tends to undermine the authority and decision-making capability of project managers, making project success more difficult. The functional or weak matrix form of organization does have some advantages. In this case, first of all, it was the currently existing state in the client organization. Change is always traumatic in organizations and, to the extent that we could preserve existing processes and systems, the upheaval-and resistance to it-would be minimized.Functional stovepipe organizations take a beating in discussions of optimal organizational structure, but the fact is that they are familiar to people, and thus comfortable for them. In addition, within this structure, IT and IS departments are fully empowered to complete isolated projects within their own stovepipes. The client organization already possessed well-established communications processes and authorities within the functional areas.From a purely logistical point of view, the staff work locations were already centralized around functional department assignments, making information sharing among team members more straightforward. The Matrix Structure also helps develop cross-functional skills in employees, as they are dealing with many different types of projects, working with and learning from many othe r participants with a diversity of skill sets. The Matrix also increases employee involvement because the project managers seldom possess all the necessary technical and functional knowledge. They rely on the expertise of those â€Å"borrowed† staffers to make more decisions at a technical level. The main disadvantage of the Matrix Structure, certainly, is that many employees become very frustrated and confused with the chain-of-command in these hastily-assembled support teams. Who’s the boss? My department head or my project manager? There are also conflicts between project and department managers concerning deadlines and priorities. There can be competition between project managers to acquire the â€Å"best† project support staff from the finite pool of available people.

Managing Disasters Students Essay Example

Managing Disasters Students Essay Students have a major role to play in managing disasters. They can: †¢ Spread awareness about disasters and tips to handle them. †¢ Organise mock camps in their holidays in neighboring villages to train people to cope up with disasters like earthquakes †¢ Be part of emergency rescue teams mostly the training goes side by side along with compulsory military training programs (another opinion: Search and rescue is a highly specialized job and should be left to professionals) A big aspect of disaster management is preparedness. The basic role of the student is AWARENESS of what to do during and after disasters. This would lessen panicking, paranoid and uncontrollable people running around. Knowing what to do when disaster strikes will also lessen the death toll. Knowing what to do after disaster, and at least basic first aid, will enable students help the authorities in saving lives. The role of students in any capacity is to learn as much as they can about the subject at hand. In the case of disaster management, this is a very wide open field. A student should learn causes of disasters and figure out ways to reduce the risk of an catastrophe from happening in the first place. Here is what wikipedia has to say about disaster management: Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. It is a discipline that involves preparing, supporting, and rebuilding society when natural or human-made disasters occur. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Disasters Students specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Disasters Students specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Disasters Students specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In general, any Emergency management is the continuous process by which all individuals, groups, and communities manage hazards in an effort to avoid or ameliorate the impact of disasters resulting from the hazards. Actions taken depend in part on perceptions of risk of those exposed. Effective emergency management relies on thorough integration of emergencyplans at all levels of government and non-government involvement. Activities at each level (individual, group, community) affect the other levels. It is common to place the responsibility for governmental emergency management with the institutions for civil defense or within the conventional structure of the emergency services. In the private sector, emergency management is sometimes referred to as business continuity planning. * Students can help in rehabilitation and resettlement of victims * They can spread awareness through rallies in streets * Volunteer in the information centres and form associations for the Disaster-Day * Provide the victims with basic needs * Preventing disasters at home stopping building fires due to petty reasons like a short circuit

10 Facts for a Dissertation in Finance and Accounting

10 Facts for a Dissertation in Finance and Accounting To write an excellent dissertation, you are required to have an in-depth understanding of whatever subject matter you intend to discuss, be it finance or accounting this rule is no different. The first step to kick-start your dissertation is getting a clear view of finance, accounting and the relation between both concepts, and these matters will be explored below. Finance involves the aspects of raising money for a reason. In business terms, financial management is concerned with the methods in which funds are raised for a business and how they are invested.   Accounting, in its turn is related to the collecting, analyzing and presenting financial information in a way that helps stakeholders make more effective financial decisions. So in layman terms, finance and accounting is the process of raising money and investing it in business. Accounting provides clear means of communicating or understanding how these funds were invested and returned. All this helps to make better investment decisions in the future. In this article you will find interesting and valuable information about finance and accounting, usage of which will help you form general understanding of the matter. 10 Interesting Facts on Finance and Accounting Accounting originates from a French word. The term accounting like most English words has its origins from a foreign language and in this case, the French language gave a birth to the term. Accounting comes from the French word ‘Compter’ which means to count, counting or keeping scores. Luca Pacioli is the father of accounting. Luca Pacioli was an Italian mathematician who believed in the importance of keeping tabs on a business’s credit and debit activities. To educate the public on how important this was, he wrote the first accounting textbook, ‘Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita’ which described how to keep account of assets, expenditures, and liabilities in 1494. This book set the tone for the use of ledgers and balance sheets in the field of accounting. Ancient Mesopotamia was home to the world’s first accountants. Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia to be precise has been credited as the cradle of civilization for a couple of reasons and accounting is one of them. In Mesopotamia, the need to keep tabs on temple spending and earnings as well as tax collection led to the development of tax books, bookkeeping, and accounting as a whole. Historians also believe that the art of writing which was first developed in Mesopotamia also developed from a necessity to perform some bookkeeping activities. Financial Accounting is a field in the accounting profession. The field of accounting is divided into multiple areas of study which a practicing accountant can seek a degree in. Some of the more notable subsets of accounting include: financial accounting, management accounting, and auditing and tax accounting. Financial accounting consists of organizing and reporting an organization’s financial information to the public for the use of investors and government agencies. The World’s first financial institution was built in Italy. Finance and accounting have gained a lot from the efforts of the early Italian mathematicians and statisticians and one of these gains is the first bank ever created. The Monte de Paschi di Siena which was built in 1472 takes the enviable position of becoming the first financial institution and bank ever built by man. It was founded by the magistrates of Siena to serve as a ‘mount of piety’ which is basically a pawn broking organization. Currently, Berkshire Hathaway is the biggest financial service institution regarding revenue as it generates $210billion annually. The concept of a share market traces its origin to Ancient Rome. Although the exact moment the stock market got its inception is still disputed, finance scholars agree that the earliest known share market was in ancient Rome. During the Roman Republic era, there were ‘Societates publicanorum’ organizations which took up the financial responsibility of a certain event in the city. In 1602 the founding of the Dutch East Indian Company has been credited as a key point in the formation of a share market because precisely for this event legal rules, regulation and a particular market structure were introduced. Income statement and the statement of financial position serve different purposes. The statement of financial position is a snapshot of the makeup of a business’s wealth at a particular time while income statements are concerned with the flow of capital over a period of time. Both concepts are related to one another, though, an income statement is the link between the statement of financial position at the beginning and the end of a financial reporting year. Finance and accounting play a significant role in law enforcement. Forensic accounting is a field of accounting that places its emphasis on enforcing the law through the research and cross-checking of the financial position of suspected individuals and organizations. Forensic accountants work directly with law enforcement and make careers in the biggest enforcement agencies globally. Financial accounting is guided by both local and International Standards. To practice in the field of finance and accounting, one must have received a higher education degree. A At the same time, higher education is not enough to perform duties of the professional accountant. In the majority of countries accountants need to be additionally licensed and enter particular unions, establishing working standards, which are formed at the international level but can be changed according to the local peculiarities. The first certified public accounting exam was incorporated in the US. In 1896, the state of New York encountered the importance of having a unified level of understanding on the subject of accounting by all accountants. To ensure this was possible, the first certified public accounting exam was enlisted to certify practicing accountants. Here we come to the end of the first article in the series of tutorials that cover dissertation writing on the subject of finance and accounting. For further reading, it is recommended that you go through the other articles in the series for they will provide directions such as 20 topics for a dissertation in finance and accounting to help you come up with topics as well as a guide on making a dissertation in finance and accounting. Also, you can visit our dissertation writing service which is always available online. References: Sangster, A. (2010). Using Accounting History and Luca Pacioli to put relevance back into the Teaching of Double Entry. Accounting, Business Financial History, 20(1), pp.23-39. Lin, S. and Yang, Y. (2016). Is Other Comprehensive Income Reported in the Income Statement More Value Relevant? The Role of Financial Statement Presentation. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance. Macve, R. (n.d.). Fair Value vs Conservatism? Aspects of the History of Accounting, Auditing, Business and Finance from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern China. SSRN Electronic Journal. Chen, H. Jiang, Y. and Lin, Z. (2010). The Role of International Financial Reporting Standards in Accounting Quality: Evidence from the European Union. Journal of International Financial Management Accounting, 21(3), pp.220-278. Howieson, B. and Hancock, P. (1995). Accounting for Risk in Financial Instruments: A Review of Accounting Standards. Managerial Finance, 21(1), pp.26-42. Previts, G., Walton, P. and Wolnizer, P. (2010). A Global History of Accounting, Financial Reporting and Public Policy. 1st ed. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Lyon, B. and Verhulst, A. (1970). Medieval Finance. A Comparison of Financial Institutions in Northwestern Europe. The Economic History Review, 23(2), p.420.

Marked Women Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marked Women - Assignment Example This in itself is part of the problem; because women are marked, their opinions don’t count and they are encouraged not to speak out. I feel that Tannen is exploring uncovered territory as far as gender imbalances are concerned. What Tannen really does well is use her experience of observing both men and women at a small working conference. This is the best place in which to find unconscious gender stereotypes because of the formal setting. Women can also be marked in every day life, but it is more pronounced in a male-dominated business world. Because women feel that they have to conform to a certain type of image, this only shows that they themselves feel as though they are marked. I found it really interesting about the mention Ralph Fascold’s book and his thoughts on the topic. To be marked literally means to be different and have a defining feature that sets someone apart. From a biological point of view, it makes sense for males to be considered marked because they have a Y chromosome, something which women do not possess. Women will only be considered â€Å"unmarked† if society changes its attitude towards women, although this will probably take many

Retailing Management - Target Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Retailing Management - Target - Research Paper Example The company makes its international strategy effective by incorporating its UK strategy and fine tuning it to suit the cultural differences in order to meet the specific needs and preferences of customers in the different international markets it operates in. In order to achieve excellence in international operations, Tesco needs to maintain consistency in its quality and consumer experience by venturing into the business insights (Tesco, 2011). The main and critical component in the Tesco’s decision making process is its web-based business intelligence application product. This application is recognized for its speed, functionality and the flexibility necessary for the timely delivery of fashion products to the Tesco users worldwide. This is based on the technology developed by Tesco along with its Group retail MIS system. The Group retail MIS system helps the company in identifying the key areas of operations, finance, customers and people. This guides and facilitates the to p management in measuring the store based performance of the company. Tesco’s strategic objectives thus have been focused upon the Group MIS which encourages and improvises on the local reporting and gives strategic insight into the functioning (Coriolis, 2004). Tesco: Environmental and Strategic analysis Understanding the environment and the influences which results from the changes provides different dimensions and challenges to strategic decision making but making sense of this diversity requires greater efforts and involves identifying the political, economic, social and technological influences which affect the organization. The PESTLE Analysis of Tesco involves the political environment which analyzes the local and national impact of the government. It also looks into the government laws and policies that have an impact on international business operations. The activity and momentum in the economy, such as fluctuations in the stock market and increase in the tax rates w ill have a significant impact on the company. Sociological factors include the changes in the culture and way of living of the people in general. It includes the changes in consumer behavior and their pattern of purchasing. For example, the new trend of e-commerce and online shopping brings in new technologies that the company will have to adapt. Environmental factors also play an important role as Tesco has to fulfill its corporate social responsibilities. It has to work on reducing the usage of fossil fuels in its transportation process (Case study, 2006). Possible environmental issues which Tesco will face in the near future are: Political - Ban of sale of alcohol to public above the age of 21 by the government. Economic - Implementation of tax on food by the government. Sociological- Tesco’s entry into US and Russia will help in expanding its operations and increasing its sales and profit levels. It helps in expanding the company’s horizon beyond the UK and overcom e cultural barriers. Technological- A significant part of Tesco’s distribution costs consists of hydrogen powered lorries. Legal- The task of paying huge compensation claims has been disputed by Tesco. Environmental- The changes in the climatic conditions could have an impact on suppliers’ strategies and objectives. Porters Five forces Model affecting Tesco The

Everything You Know About Branding Is Wrong By David Galullo Essay

Everything You Know About Branding Is Wrong By David Galullo - Essay Example Gallulo, (2013) stated that if any marketer of major corporations is asked, most of them would agree to the statement that â€Å"Branding Is Everything.† Gallulo, (2013) stated that despite of having known the importance of branding as everything, people still misunderstand, misinterpret and use the word branding in a vague meaning. Even though branding is an integral source of success for the organizations, yet the approach towards branding is incorrectly utilized. Historically, branding of businesses used to be done through silos. This means that the business used to hire an advertising agency to carry out its marketing activities whereas another firm is appointed for developing the official website of the company. Above all, that appointed organization is contracted to complete the overall design of the organizational environment. This scheme of branding is resulted in relatively weaker branding outcomes such that the brand actually failed in creating its own brand personal ity and the organization could not achieve its desired goals through branding in various different fragments. Ultimately, the brand could not connect the customers and employees to the organization. In new era, branding is something more than what it is perceived by companies. It means that businesses do not merely offer their products or yell at their potential customers just to come and shop their products. Nowadays, businesses attract their customers by reflecting them the intended personality of the organization and for this purpose; they create the perception of the business in the minds of customers. The employees of such businesses do not work for such organizations only for getting salaries nor the customers of such companies not just buy the products only because of being indiscriminate customers. Rather, these stakeholders consider themselves as a part of that organization in way that they believe this organization provides them a sense of identity. Gallulo, (2013) states that nowadays, brand is not an advertisement, a logo, or a poster displayed in corporate office. Brand has become the gut feeling and intelligent companies know the potency of a rightly built brand. This occurs when all the components are integrated via designs-from virtual platforms such as websites to tangible platforms such as office buildings- in general, it starts from the basic realization of the significance of the company. Whether it is designing the website, headquarter of the company, field office, or new brand strategy, it all starts from two basic questions: what is your identity? And: what is your importance? These questions apparently seem easy, but when it comes to companies, they are most difficult questions to answer. That is why majority of the companies do not bother and therefore, fail in their efforts of developing brand. Gallulo, (2013) retorts that it is integral to find answers for these two questions and to build connection with a holistic and integrated app roach. This will ultimately create a more meaningful and stronger brand. Gallulo, (2013) took the example of football program of University of Oregon. The team plays football in a relatively small town and does not have tradition and history of Texas or Alabama. The team was considered as mediocre until the mid of 1990s. Yet, Oregon has developed a distinguished brand that cuts through chaos and turns heads around. From advertising to uniforms, Oregon has encompassed branding as an integral way of thinking. The ‘why’ of Oregon is change and it has embedded change into everything. It is attracting the best staffs as well as the attention of people. Gallulo, (2013) inferred that people do not watch because team is good, team is good merely because people watch them. Gallulo, (2013)

Discussion Concerning the Principle Sources of Law in the UK

Discussion Concerning the Principle Sources of Law in the UK This essay will consider the principle sources of law in the UK, and how law is made through; Parliament which is considered the supreme law making body, common law or law made by judges, and European Union law (EU law). It will explain the different processes by which law can be changed and how law reform is produced by parliamentary and judicial activity. It will then show how Parliament takes into account social, technological and economic changes when dealing with particularities of law reform through the Law Commission, Royal Commissions, and various member bills. It will also show how the judiciary use interpretation of the law to implement reform it in an opportunistic way case by case. Consideration will be given to EU law and how this affects the law making process. The British constitutution, unlike other constitutions throughout the world is an unwritten constitution. It is a creation of historical progress and while many of its sources are written it remains uncodified. The constitution sets out how power should be balanced between the governing bodies. In the UK there are three main sources of law, Parliamentary law (statute law), Common law and EU law. Parliamentary law in the form of Acts, begin in a variety of ways as Bills, these are proposals for a new piece of legislation presented to Parliament and must go through various stages of agreement, by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords before being formally approved by the reigning sovereign, in the form of Royal Assent in order to become part of the UK Law. Public Bills presented by a government minister affect the entire population and generally become Acts of Parliament, while Private Member Bills although similar are presented by non government ministers such as MPs or Lords. Many of these do not become law, but do raise publicity around the issues they are concerned with. The Children Act 2004 created a Childrens Commissioner for England in response to issues raised from a Private Members Bill (The Open University, 2011, p.101). A Private Bill is presented by other organisations such as private companies and affects only a minority of society. Bills may be passed because of a national emergency or in reaction to some new technology. The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, was created in direct response to the events of terrorist attacks on America on 11 September 2001. It allows for the indefinite detention without trial of foreign nationals who are suspected of posing a threat to the security of this country (The Daily Tel egraph, 2003). However, this may be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). During the law making process there are many influences on Parliament in the form of Law Commissions, Royal Commissions, and various pressure groups. The Law Commission was established by The Law Commission Act 1965 as an independent body to reassess the existing law, recommend reforms and abolish old laws or amend existing laws. Royal Commissions are advisory groups set up by Government to generally deal with non political issues. The introduction of the Criminal Appeal Act 1995 came about from recommendations from the commission when the Birmingham Six successfully had their convictions overturned. In the UK historically, the judiciary make law by way of contributing to the development of the common law. The legal principles are built on through the courts by judges case by case over time, through an established practice of precedent known as stare decisis meaning to stand by decided cases. In the case of R v R [1992] 1 AC 599, the House of Lords, which was the highest court until 2009, decided to overrule previous precedent by recognising the offence of marital rape, however the House of Lords felt constrained to say they were changing the law, but were simply removing an error as to the true meaning of the law. Accurate law reporting through Year Books, The Law Reports, Weekly Lay Reports and European Law Reports, allows for this legal doctrine to be collated, identified and accessed. The doctrine of binding precedent refers to the hierarchical structure of the court system, and means that a decision made in a higher court is binding on the courts below it, however, this can lead to the judiciary overstepping their constitutional role by actually making law instead of applying it. Judges can ensure that a statute is interpreted properly, giving flexibility without waiting for Parliaments prolonged processes. By the use of statutory interpretation the judiciary can influence the law using rules developed over time, however, each rule can result in different decisions. Statutory interpretation is made up of four rules that the judiciary use when deciding on the outcome of a court case. By applying the literal rule, the judge considers what the statute actually says in its every day meaning and applies this, unless this would produce an outcome that was absurd, then the golden rule which allows the judiciary to look for another meaning for the words in the statue. The mischief rule gives more discretion as the judiciary can look at the law before the statute was created, in order to discover what mischief the statute was intended to deal with. With the purposive rule the court is not just looking at what the statute intended but also what they think Parliament meant to achieve. The UK courts are divided into a hierarchy which practices law at all levels, in both civil and criminal matters. The lowest court is the Magistrates Courts, followed by the Crown Court and County Courts, the High Court, the Court of Appeal and the highest court is the Supreme Court (formerly the House of Lords). The hierarchy system means that decisions can be checked or overruled by higher courts to take into account changes to political, social or technological conditions. Decisions made in the Supreme Court are binding to all UK courts. Other influences come from the European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union which overrides domestic precedent. EU law has power over UK law, even without having been approved by the UK Parliament and, where applicable, the UK is bound by that law and cannot make conflicting laws. The UK was the first country to ratify the ECHR in 1951, and it has been introduced into English law covering basics such as the right to life, and the right to marry and found a family. Any new laws must be compatible with the ECHR. The Human Rights Act 1998 is classed as one of the most important pieces of legislation in the UK, it allows the ECHR to be part of British law, and allows citizens to use the domestic court system when breaches of their rights are in dispute. Whilst this does not allow the courts to overrule an Act of Parliament, they can make a declaration of incompatibility under s.4 of the Act. Parliament then decides whether the law should be changed, but this allows the judiciary some discretionary powers under s.8 allowing them to award remedies. Law making in England and Wales is based on a democratic Parliament so that the public can have an effect on law reform. Through general elections every five years it ensures that the government does not remain in power against the wishes of the people, however most people vote based on a partys proposals, and the winning party are not legally bound to keep these promises. As the first past the post election system is not a balanced representation system, a government may not have a majority of public support through votes, despite winning a majority of constituent seats. This allows for a powerful government with overwhelming Parliamentary power to push through its required legislation whilst having the support of a minority of the people. Legislation can be passed during times of crisis, following a breakthrough in science on human embryo cloning The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 came into force within nine days. The Law Reform Act 1965 codifies all areas of law, including co rporate law, family law, and reproductive rights The introduction of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (CMCHA 2007) came about in response to societys frustration with the lack of successful corporate prosecutions such as the POs Herald of Free Enterprise disaster in 1987, R v PO [1991] in which 190 people were killed, when the bow doors were left open after setting sail. The current law at the time lacked provisions for negligence where death occurred, as the common law offence required an individual to be responsible, even though the coroners report gave a ruling of unlawful killing. In such a large corporation the prosecution were not able to identify the individuals responsible for obvious and serious risk of the ship setting sail with its bow doors open (Bergman, D. 1990). The Law Commission with pressure from the Health and Safety Executive and the Centre for Corporate Accountability proposed reform for the creation of the 2007 Act. Parliament took more than ten years to implement the legislation, and while showing some positive reforms, is limited. New prosecutions can only be prosecuted by the Director of Public Prosecutions and only in the High Court. The judiciary powers under s.6 only allow for indictment of a fine if a corporation is convicted of corporate manslaughter or corporate homicide, with ss.9 and 10 providing the sanction of remedial orders for them to remedy the breach. In 2011 the successful conviction of a company under the CMCHA 2007 led to a large fine for Cotswold Geotechnical Holdings Ltd, on appeal the Court of Appeal upheld the conviction but no real precedent was set as it was small family run business with a sole director. The judiciary will have to wait for prosecutions of larger organisations before any interpretation of th e Act will become clear. Family law in the UK has been subject to substantial modification over the years, through social changes encompassing marriage, divorce, non-marital cohabitation, same sex partnerships and adoption. These changes in ideas about family can affect legal issues such as taxation, inheritance and other civil and criminal laws. The Marriage Act 1949 was challenged in the European Court of Human Rights in the case of B and L v United Kingdom [2006]. UK law did not allow a father-in-law to marry his daughter -in-law, even though both were divorced and had formed a relationship. The ECrtHR found this incompatible with Article 12 of the convention and consequently the UK Parliament reformed this law in the Marriage Act 1949 (Remedial) Order 2007. The concept of common law husband or wife does not exist in the UK legal system, couples who live together, whether same sex or heterosexual, and are not married do not have the same legal rights as those that are. The Odysseus Group, a pressure group for equal rights for all called for changes in the law to allow these couples to have the same legal rights as married couples. This and the case of Anna Homsi (The Open University, 2011 p.54) led to the creation of The Civil Partnership Act 2004 allowing same sex couples to register their partnership and be afforded the same rights as a married couple. Parliament left out recommendations from The Law Commission to include heterosexual couples in the Bill, during the parliamentary term. It maintains that heterosexual couples can marry if they want to whereas same sex couples cannot under the present law. Technological and medical advances have occurred in a relatively short period of time, and the necessity to regulate these practices became an issue of statutory regulation as they are in the public interest. The legal issues with reproductive technology brought about the creation of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (HFEA 1990). The Act sets out the principles, prohibitions and created the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) to regulate and assist the judiciary in applying the law. This Act however was implemented based on technology and science from 1984. Section 12 of the HFEA 1990 sets out the conditions for licensing, and requires compliance of section 3, the requirements for effective consent of treatment (The Open University, 2012 p.91). This was challenged by Diane Blood who wanted to have fertility treatment using the sperm of her dead husband. However, the sperm had been taken while her husband was in a coma and he had not given written consent to its use. The HFEA refused to authorise treatment without consent, and it was ruled in the Court of Appeal that she could exercise her rights under s.10 of the ECHR to have fertility treatment in another EU state. This illustrates that the law was open to interpretation, as written consent was not specified in the Act. The court stated that as Parliament had delegated responsibility to the Authority, then the courts should not interfere, however they did point to considerations with regards to the EC Treaty and Diane Bloods enforceable rights. The Government acknowledged this position and no amendments have been made to the Act. In the case of R (on the application of Quintavalle on behalf of Pro-life Alliance) v Secretary of State for Health [2001] EWHC Admin 918 the courts ruled, after using a purposive interpretation that the embryos created through cell nuclear replacement (CNR) could be used for experimentation without the limitation of time or any other restriction. In the Court of Appeal reference was made to the case of Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom v Department of Health and Social Security [1981] AC 800, and concluded that the legislation would have imposed the same restrictions on embryos from CNR as embryos from a person. They interpreted that although the technology did not exist when the Act was created, Parliaments regulation of the use of embryos was clear. The Government created The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001. In conclusion, this essay shows how the law making process and law reform is defined through technological, social and economic developments. Parliament as a public elected body deals with the particularities of reform through the various commissions, pressure groups and members bills as they are accountable to the public. The judiciary can be seen to reform the law through the common law system, using principles of interpretation, and they do this in an opportunistic way through cases as they are presented to the courts. Although the implementation of The Human Rights Act 1998 gives judges the power to declare incompatibilities with the current law, it is still opportunistic, and piecemeal. Bibliography Statutes Abortion Act 1967 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Children Act 2004 Civil Partnership Act 2004 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 Criminal Appeal Act 1995 The European Convention of Human Rights Family Law Act 1996 Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 The Human Rights Act 1998 The Law Commission Act 1965 Marital Causes Act 1973 Marriage Act 1949 Marriage Act 1949 (Remedial) Order 2007 (2007 No. 438) Cases B and L v United Kingdom [2006] 1 FLR 35 R v Human Fertilisation and Emryology Authority, ex parte Blood [1997] 2 All ER 687 R v PO European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1991) 93 Cr App R 72; [1991] Crim : R 695 R v R [1992] 1 AC 599 R (on application of Quintaville on behalf of Pro-life Alliance) v Secretary of State for Health [2001] EWHC Admin 918 Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom v Department of Health and Social Security [1981] AC 800 Course Units Arthur, R. (2011) Unit 7 Unlawful Conduct, W100 Block 2 Legal Personality, p57-67, Milton Keynes, The Open University Arthur, R., Goodey, J., and Howells, C. (2011) Unit 3 Making Law (1) Parliament, W100 Block 1, Rules, and rule making, p.89-113, Milton Keynes, The Open University Howells, C. (2012), Unit 25 Law, justice and social change: (3) law and reproductive technology, W100 Block 7, Justice, p.90-124, Milton Keynes, The Open University Howells, C. and Slapper, G. (2011) Unit 4 Making Law (2) common law. W100 Block 1, Rules, and rule making, p.141-192, Milton Keynes, The Open University Howells, C. And Zambellas, A. (2011) Unit 5 Making Law (3) Europe, W100 Block 1 Rules, and rule making, p.207-230, Milton Keynes, The Open University Montgomery, H. (2012), Unit 24 Law, justice and social change: (2) marriage and family, W100 Block 7 Justice, p.47-74, Milton Keynes, The Open University Weait, M. and Goodey, J. (2011) Unit 3 Making Law: (1) Parliament, W100 Block 1 Rules, and rule making, p89-138, Milton Keynes, The Open University Zambellas, A. and Voiculescu, A. (2012) Unit 23 Law, justice and social change: (1) corporate manslaughter, W100 Block 7 Justice, p.13-32, Milton Keynes, The Open University Reader Articles Bergman, D. (1990) Recklessness in the boardroom, New Law Journal, 140, 6477, p.1496, Reading 28 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Community Legal Service Direct Information Leaflet 7 (2005), The Human Rights Act, Legal Services Commission, Reading 7 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (extract), 2007 Chapter 19, Reading 35 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University The Daily Telegraph (2003) Desperate times need temporary measures, Daily Telegraph, London, 19 December 2003, p.23, Reading 5 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Forlin, G. (2007) Worth the wait?, New Law Journal, 157 NLJ 1165, Reading 36 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Gerry, A. (2005) Happy birthday human rights, New Law Journal, 155 NLJ 1469, Reading 8 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Muylle, K. J. (2003) Improving the effectiveness of parliamentary legislative procedures, Statute Law Review, 24 (169), Reading 7 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Slapper, G. (1996) Should the judges or MPs make the laws?, The Times, London, The Times Newspapers, 2 July 1996, Reading 23 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Weait, M. (2003) The Civil Partnerships Bill, Family Law News, January 2003, Reading 38, Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University DVD The Open University (2008), Organisations and Justice, W100 DVD, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University (DVD) The Open University (2008), The case of Diane Blood;, W100 DVD, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Other References Slapper, G, and Kelly, D. (2011) The English Legal System (12th edn), Abingdon, Routledge, p.153), Milton Keynes, The Open University

Mozarts Life ( Brief Summary) :: essays research papers

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is often referred to as the greatest musical genius of all time in Western musical tradition. His creative method was extraordinary: his writings show that he almost always wrote a complete composition mentally before finally writing it on paper. Mozart created 600 works in his short life of 35 years. His works included 16 operas, 41 symphonies, 27 piano concerti, and 5 violin concerti, 25 string quartets, and 19 masses. Mozart was born on Jan. 27, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria. His father was Leopold Mozart, a composer and a popular violinist. Mozart received his early musical training from his father. At the early age of 3 Mozart showed signs of being a musical genius. Then, at the age of five Mozart started composing. Beginning in 1762 Mozart’s father took young Mozart and his older sister, Maria Anna, on tours in Europe where they played the piano, harpsichord, violin, and organ, together and separately. Mozart learned to play the piano, harpsichord, and violin from his father. He gave public concerts and played at numerous courts and received several commissions. As an adult Mozart his career was not as successful as when he was younger. But he kept on composing anyway hoping one people would appreciate his work. He lived in poverty for the great majority of his life. In 1769 he became a concertmaster to the archbishop of Salzburg, which was another one of his jobs that afforded him little financial security. In 1777, he left on another concert tour. But, the courts of Europe ignored Mozart ‘s search for a more beneficial assignment. In 1782 he earned a living by selling compositions, giving public performances, and giving music lessons, which once again was a low paying job. The composer never did find a well paying job. The bizarre thing was is that even that he had ton of trouble finding jobs, he was still considered one of the leading composers of the late 1700s. Mozart became ill suffering from headaches and fever for several months. Mozart was under the illusion that he was to write music for his funeral.